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Ferrous Fumarate: Key Chemical Properties and Applications

Ferrous fumarate is an iron supplement widely used in pharmaceuticals and food fortification due to its high bioavailability and stability. Understanding its chemical properties is essential for optimizing its applications in various industries.

Chemical Composition and Structure
Ferrous fumarate (C₄H₂FeO₄) is an iron(II) salt of fumaric acid. It consists of ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) bound to fumarate anions, forming a reddish-orange or brownish powder. Its molecular weight is 169.9 g/mol, and it has a solubility of 0.14 g/100 mL in water at 25°C, making it less soluble than other iron salts like ferrous sulfate.

Stability and Reactivity
Ferrous fumarate is relatively stable under dry conditions but can oxidize in moist environments, converting Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺. It decomposes at high temperatures (above 280°C) without melting. The compound is sensitive to light and air, requiring storage in airtight, opaque containers to prevent degradation.

pH and Solubility
Its solubility improves in acidic conditions, which is why it is often used in gastric-resistant formulations. In neutral or alkaline pH, precipitation occurs, reducing iron absorption efficiency.

Applications in Industry
Due to its non-hygroscopic nature and mild taste, ferrous fumarate is preferred in dietary supplements and fortified foods. It is also used in animal feed and wastewater treatment as an iron source.

Conclusion
Ferrous fumarate’s unique chemical properties, including stability, controlled solubility, and high iron content, make it a valuable compound in healthcare and industrial applications. Proper handling and storage ensure its effectiveness in delivering bioavailable iron.